explain the concept of archives

Thus, the two formats currently permitted by Directive No. Begin by introducing the concept of an archive and how the Archives of Ontario can help answer research questions related to history. Questions about preferences for various terms are included on the May 1995 CPS supplement. For example, in a focus group, a Mexican-American man said that where he lived people were either Mexicans or Anglos. The standards in this Directive have been used for almost two decades throughout the Federal government for recordkeeping, collection, and presentation of data on race and Hispanic origin. Displays of racial and ethnic compliance and statistical data will use the category designations listed above. 15. There are difficulties with using size of population as a basis for making a population group a specific category. The cd starts with quiet songs where the music is supporting the vocals. The combined format does not provide for identification of Asians or American Indians with Hispanic origins, and would classify the people of Equatorial Guinea, who are geographically Africans but who speak Spanish, as Hispanic. Public comment indicated confusion about which countries are included in this definition, particularly for "Indian subcontinent" and whether the aboriginal peoples of Australia are included in this category. In line with the subjective nature of the concept, research shows people change how they classify themselves with respect to race and ethnicity. The other two questions, on heterogeneity of the category and terminology, are discussed below. OMB received nearly 800 letters in response to the 1994 Federal Register notice and heard the testimony of 94 witnesses during the four public hearings. 15 for collecting racial and ethnic data do not provide comparable data. Despite the small sample size, the results were somewhat informative for two reasons: (1) a higher percentage (7.3 percent) of persons reported in the multiracial category than have done so in some of the records from school and military systems cited in various public hearings and conferences, and (2) in nearly two-thirds (65 percent) of the 55 write-ins to the multiracial item, the respondent reported as Hispanic (23 cases or 42 percent) or as Hispanic and some other race group. Should there be different collection standards for different purposes? Tabulation and analysis: The category, "Hispanic origin," represents a heterogeneous population. The principles listed below are those OMB may use to guide final decisions on standards for the classification of racial and ethnic data. The June 9, 1994, notice contained information on the development of the current standards and requested public comment on: (1) the adequacy of current racial and ethnic categories, (2) the principles that should govern any proposed revisions to the standards, and (3) specific suggestions for change that had been offered by individuals and interested groups over the past several years. interviewer training for implementing changes in collecting these data and updating of interviewer instruction manuals; additional interview time to collect more detailed data; the technical and practical difficulty of administering more detailed or more complex categories (such as long lists of nationalities, especially if multiple responses are allowed) in telephone surveys; increases in computer reprogramming and data processing costs; increases in the likelihood of litigation over data aggregation and processing decision rules; increases in the costs of disseminating data in hard copy or electronic format and storing larger computer data files; updating program manuals, regulations, and recordkeeping requirements to reflect changes; and. Pros of Option (e)(2)(ee) -- geographic ancestry: Cons of Option (e)(2)(ee) -- geographic ancestry: Option (e)(2)(ff): Skin-Color Gradient Chart (SI or OI) This is a suggestion for a numbered chart, a scale of skin-tone colors, reproduced on forms. The category of American Indian or Alaskan Native in Directive No. One concern of those who oppose a category for multiracial persons is that it will reduce the count for persons in the basic categories. Over time, however, there have been variations in how the Nation's principal population groups have been classified according to race and ethnicity; such differences have occurred even within data sets. Such households had about 4 million children. Of persons marking the "Other Asian or Pacific Islander" circle in the 1990 census, 54 percent of the write-ins were not consistent with the marked circle and nearly 40 percent were Hispanic group write-ins. ISSUE 2. Collection: Visual identification of nationality groups is difficult. The public is invited to comment on these or suggest additional principles. 15 categories are a mix of these. The National Center for Health Statistics and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health will conduct research on the effects of changes in racial classification on birth certificate records. These agencies said: (1) the categories in Directive No. Agencies will not be required to update historical records. The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is conducting a Spring 1995 survey to obtain information: (a) how schools currently students' collect racial and ethnic data; (b) how administrative records containing racial and ethnic data are maintained and reported; (c) what State laws mandate or require of school systems with respect to collecting data on race and ethnicity; and (d) current issues in schools regarding race and ethnicity categories. "African-American" and "Black African-American" were suggested as names for the category [the suggestions of "Black American" and "Amerofian" (described as Blacks who are American Natives, European, and West African) are not discussed below]. Some prefer "Alaska Native" to "Alaskan Native." 15 should be changed now and subsequently reviewed periodically (for example, after every decennial census). Mr Otchere-Darko said these in a post on Facebook. Multiracial Category.-- Research and testing of a multiracial category is especially important since it could have a significant impact on the usefulness of data resulting from the current racial and ethnic categories. Experts explain the right way and wrong way of counting calories to lose or ... From the WebMD Archives. 15 in a. Multiracial identification not allowed (must pick one broad category): Individual chooses the one with which he or she most closely identifies, Race of minority-designated parent (if one is White), "Multiracial" category -- self-identification (SI) or observer identification (OI), "Mark all that apply" from list of specific categories -- SI only, Mother's and father's geographic ancestry -- SI only. They say the government should not limit their choice of identification. Summary of views expressed on whether the Federal government should collect racial and ethnic data. This Federal Register notice provides the last opportunity for public comment on priorities for. The United States government has long collected statistics on race and ethnicity. Important reasons to research this issue are that some Federal agencies have been collecting and reporting data in a combined format for a number of years, and a high percentage of Hispanics selected "other race" in the 1990 decennial census race question when race and ethnicity were collected in two separate questions. Most Federal agencies did not comment on whether race and Hispanic origin should be collected in one question or two questions, although many agencies have been using the combined format for a number of years and have developed data series with the resulting data. Cognitive research indicated that some people use race and ethnic origin interchangeably; they see little difference between the two concepts. Public testimony reflected some data problems with the standards in Directive No. This Directive provides standard classifications for recordkeeping, collection, and presentation of data on race and ethnicity in Federal program administrative reporting and statistical activities. In the 1990 census, about 4 percent of couples reported they were of different races or one was of Hispanic origin. Race and ethnicity may be thought of in terms of social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry. Sally Katzen Should there be different collection standards for different purposes? One proposed solution is to ask a single race/ethnicity question (that is, one question in which "Hispanic" is included in the list with the broad race categories) and allow respondents to mark all that apply. Some Hispanic respondents do not identify with the Black or the White category, and are offended by an "Other race" category (which they interpret to mean that Hispanics are less important than other races since they do not have their own "label"). Type (check all that apply): Letter Speech Patent Telegram Court document Chart Newspaper Advertisement Press Release Memorandum ISSUE 5. How to classify persons who identify with more than one race is perhaps the issue that has engendered the most controversy in the present review. The minimum standard collection categories shall be utilized for reporting as follows: The provisions of this Directive are effective immediately for all new and revised recordkeeping or reporting requirements containing racial and/or ethnic information. The following principles were drafted in cooperation with Federal agencies serving on the Interagency Committee. Research is needed to determine whether, and in what ways, any proposed changes in terminology may affect reporting or data collection. Sylvan are back with another concept album about the search for something we call "Home". To say that a person, or an action, is evil is just to say that that person, or action, defies explanation or is incomprehensible (see Clendinnen 1999, 81; see also, Pocock 1985). Historical continuity of racial and ethnic data is important to many data users. M�6�"�%. The Interagency Committee's Research Working Group, which is co-chaired by the Bureau of the Census and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, reviewed all the criticisms and suggestions for changing the current categories that appeared in OMB's June 9, 1994, Federal Register notice, including requests received during the public comment period to expand the standards by establishing additional categories for specific population groups. Many of the groups for which data collection has been requested are numerically small and often are found primarily in specific geographic areas. The Census Bureau also plans to conduct two tests in 1996: the National Content Test (NCT) and the Race and Ethnic Targeted Test (RAETT). 15 refers to a person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. Standard and generally agreed-upon tabulation rules would be needed for the various combinations of multiracial entries, including those where neither race is "White." If separate race and ethnic categories are used, the minimum designations are: - American Indian or Alaskan Native Concepts also change over time. Only 3 of 4 who reported "American Indian" as their race gave "American Indian" as their first ancestry; about 9 percent gave an European first ancestry. ISSUE 3. The Race and Ethnic Targeted Test, to be conducted by the Bureau of the Census in 1996, will be the major opportunity to test three to four options on race and ethnicity. (2) Alternative or additional words suggested for "Hispanic" include "Latino/Hispanic Origin," "Latino," "Latin," "Latin American," and "Hispanics from the Americas" (to exclude persons from Spain and the Philippines). Additionally, they report it is their experience that direct inquiry about a person's race, ethnicity, or national origin sometimes raises concerns among employees or other respondents about the purpose of collecting the data. These categories also implemented the requirements of Public Law 94-311 of June 16, 1976, which called for the collection, analysis, and publication of economic and social statistics on persons of Spanish origin or descent. In no case should the provisions of this Directive be construed to limit the collection of data to the categories described above. The public comments indicate that multiracial persons objected to this instruction. In the June 9, 1994, Federal Register notice, OMB asked for public comment on (1) the adequacy of the current categories, (2) principles that should govern any proposed revisions to the standards, and (3) specific suggestions for changes that have been offered by various individuals and organizations. Tabulation and analysis: Native Hawaiians are not Asians or immigrants to the United States. This is especially the case if the specific races of multiracial persons are identified. Nevertheless, evaluations show high nonresponse (10 percent; research shows most are not Hispanics) and misreporting (for example, some non-Hispanics report in the "Mexican-Amer." Testimony at the four public hearings in 1994 and letters to OMB requested data on specific population groups that go beyond legislatively required levels of detail. The commenters indicate that a single category does not reflect how they think of themselves. They prefer to collect racial and ethnic data by visual observation. From their perspective, the instruction requires them to deny their full heritage and to choose between their parents. Some say cost should not be an "excuse" for failing to improve data collection on race and ethnicity, especially where the data are used for protection of civil rights. It is more complex to analyze and report on many nationalities as compared with single race categories. Kennedy went on to explain that Soviet officials had repeatedly lied about the buildup. They are shown below, followed by pros and cons cited for each option. (2) Create a separate category for Louisiana (French) Creoles. Inclusion in the summary does not reflect OMB endorsement of the comments or suggestions. There were suggestions to change the definition to "persons having origins in any of the Black peoples of Africa," or to define the term to include all Black persons regardless of country of origin or country of citizenship. States are unlikely to collect this detail in administrative records. Some who favored asking race/Hispanic origin as one question said many Hispanics do not identify themselves as a race. It also highlights pros and cons for these options as raised in public comment or shown by research. There is significant confusion in public comment as to whether Spaniards, Portuguese, Brazilians, and American Indians with a mixed heritage of Mexican or Central or South American tribes are included in the category, "Hispanic origin." (3) Use the alternative term, "African American" or "Black, African-American.". It is not necessary to resubmit comments sent previously. Terminology for Categories.--This issue is concerned with whether to replace or revise current terminology for Black, Hispanic, or American Indian racial/ethnic categories for data collection and data reporting with terms that have been suggested such as African American, Latino/Latina, and Native American. Some of the change is attributed to growth and improvements in the census and outreach programs, some to misreporting (for example, some Asian Indian parents reported their children as American Indian), and some to shifts in self-identification from White to American Indian. Some who commented requested different placement of their specific group within a broad group. Table 1 summarizes the options. For example, only about 55 percent of matched persons who reported English, Scottish, or Welsh in the March 1971 Current Population Survey (CPS) reported the same origin in March 1972. Ethnicity is largely symbolic or optional for many Whites. For some individuals, race and ethnicity may not be clearly separable. Comments may be sent to OMB using the following Internet address: ombdir15(@)a1.eop.gov. Should there be standards at all? finishes by using both to explain the world. - Black Pacific Islanders include indigenous populations from American Samoans, Carolinians and Chamorros, and Native Hawaiians, as well as other population groups in the Pacific Islands. Administrative records are often collected from State and local sources, which have a variety of recordkeeping practices, are not required to meet Directive No. In the 1990 census, 98 percent of the population identified in one category; only 2 percent provided write-in multiple responses to the race question despite the instruction to mark one race only. Asking about ancestry focuses the questions back in time and conveys an historical and geographic context which some feel is clearer than the ambiguity of "race" or "ethnicity. For example, in two surveys held five months apart, 40 million people reported English as their ancestry and in the other, nearly 50 million said they were English. 15, others say ethnic identification is in constant flux and Directive No. Since ethnic groups evolve and may change their group name over time, research is needed on the basic concepts to be measured as well as on the popular terminology respondents use to refer to their ethnic group. The racial and ethnic categories set forth in the standard should not be interpreted as being primarily biological or genetic in reference. It also highlights pros and cons for these options as raised in public comment or shown by research. Tabulation and analysis: not required for Federal programs. 15. In preparation for the May 1995 CPS Supplement, cognitive research interviews were conducted in 1994 and early 1995 with individuals who have parents of different races, as well as individuals who may identify with only one race, even though they may have a mixed heritage. Some said the categories should reflect ancestry or cultural affiliation rather than skin color. Telephone: 202-395-3093. (2) Create a separate category for Arabs/Middle Easterners (currently included as part of the "White" category) in order to distinguish this population from persons of European descent in the "White" category. The reaggregations could become more complicated because of the different assumptions that would be required. 29831 (1994). Some prefer other terms such as "European-American," or "German-American" and some requested that "European" be further subcategorized into "Western European" and "Eastern European." Should the Federal government collect data on race and ethnicity? 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